Critically consider psychological explanations of love Essay

There are three psychological theories of love, The Three Factor Theory of Romantic Love, Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love and Romantic Love and Attachment. The three factor theory of romantic love suggested by Hatfield and Walster, recognises two types of love, passionate love and companionate love. Whilst passionate love can be seen as an intense physiological arousal which involves a longing for the other person, companionate love is more a feeling of affection towards those whom we feel deeply about. Hatfield and Walster propose a theory to explain passionate love based on three factors; physiological arousal, appropriate love object and cultural exposure. The authors see love as a label that is placed on someone that we are physiologically aroused by. Experiencing this arousal will cause a person to state it is because of love, since this is what our culture teaches us happens when we are in love. This theory receives support from research by Dutton and Aron. In this study, male participants were interviewed on a high or low suspension bridge, by an attractive female. The results supported the prediction that those males interviewed on a high bridge felt more sexual attraction to the woman, presumably because they experienced stronger physiological arousal. The males on the lower bridge felt less physical attraction, presumably because their physiological arousal was not as strong. It is possible that this theory could explain certain experiences such as love at first sight. However, since most people seem to fall in love gradually, this would suggest that for the majority of individuals, the label, love, comes first rather that the physiological arousal. The theory is also more applicable to western rather then eastern or collectivist cultures. Sternberg defines love as – intimacy (sharing mutual understanding and emotional support), passion (involves physical attraction and sexual desire) and decision/commitment (involves the short-term decision that you love someone and a longer-term commitment to maintain that love). These three components of love can be combined in different ways to produce seven varieties of love; liking, infatuation, empty love, romantic love, compassionate love, fatuous love and consummate love. These seven types of love form a triangle. Consummate love being in the center as it is the strongest form of love since it involves all three components. Sternberg believes that people have two different types of triangle. The first is based on an individuals own theory of love and is formed in a cultural context from watching television, observing parents, reading books, including listening to fairy tales when young. The second triangle is based on the individuals’ current relationship. According to Sternberg when two triangles are similar, relationships tend to be more successful. The theory has practical applications – it is possible to measure the components in the two parties and then analyse the differences in the types of love shown by each partner. It helps pinpoint areas where change and compromise may be necessary. However, the components are rather vague, especially commitment, and it is therefore difficult to judge the basis on which one person decides to love another. Hazan and Shaver proposed that romantic relationships are attachment relationships, and that individual differences in adult attachment style, mirror those found by psychologists who studied attachment styles such as Ainsworth. So rather than love being formed in a cultural context, Hazan and Shaver believe that love originates from a person’s early relationship with a primary caregiver. This theory developed out of two earlier pieces of research by Ainsworth and Bowlby. Ainsworth’s strange situation and the observation that children have three different styles of attachment – secure, insecure/anxious resistant and insecure/anxious avoidant. Bowlby’s belief that the mother’s behaviour towards the child creates an internal working model that leads the infant to expect the same in later relationships. According to Hazan and Shaver, later love relationships can be predicted from a child’s attachment style. So therefore a secure child who had a positive image of a caring mother will have relationships in later life that are friendly, trusting and more enduring. A child classified as insecure/anxious resistant will have conflicting memories of the mother, both positive and rejecting, causing relationships in later life to consist of emotional highs and lows, with moments of jealousy and concerns whether their partners really love them. Insecure/anxious avoidant children will remember their mother as cold and rejecting and have relationships in later life where they fear being close to someone and believe love is not necessary for happiness nor is it long lasting. Hazan and Shaver’s research receives support from a number of studies in that there does seem to be a relationship between early attachment experiences and later attitudes and behaviour to love for example Feeny and Noller 1990. However the research has all been correlational in this area, so it cannot be claimed that early attachment causes later relationships behaviour. The relationship between the two could be caused by another factor. Kagon believes this other factor to be the temperament of the child. Infants are born with certain temperaments which determine the quality of their early relationships and these innate or genetic factors affect relationships throughout life. The three psychological theories of love provide partial explanations for this most intense of human emotion. Whilst Hatfield and Walster believe love to be a state of strong physiological arousal, Sternberg and Hazan and Shaver believe that love originates from a persons early relationships with a primary caregiver.

Wordless Picture Books

Flotsam By David Wiesner A bright, science-minded boy goes to the beach equipped to collect and examine flotsam — anything floating that has been washed ashore. Bottles, lost toys, small objects of every description are among his usual finds. But there's no way he could have prepared for one particular discovery: a barnacle-encrusted underwater camera, with its own secrets to share†¦ and to keep The Three Pigs By David Wiesner Once upon a time three pigs built three houses, out of straw, sticks, and bricks.Along came a wolf, who huffed and puffed†¦ So, you think you know the rest? Think again. With David Wiesner at the helm, it's never safe to assume too much. When the wolf approaches the first house, for example, and blows it in, he somehow manages to blow the pig right out of the story frame. The text continues on schedule–â€Å"†¦ and ate the pig up†Ã¢â‚¬â€œbut the perplexed expression on the wolf's face as he looks in vain for his ham dinner is priceless. One by one, the pigs exit the fairy tale's border and set off on an adventure of their own.Folding a page of their own story into a paper airplane, the pigs fly off to visit other storybooks, rescuing about-to-be-slain dragons and luring the cat and the fiddle out of their nursery rhyme. A Ball for Daisy Chris Rashka 3 and up Daisy is a dog with a ball, and life could not be better. There are games of chase, cuddle times on the couch, and walks in the park; however, tragedy strikes when Daisy’s ball bursts (literally). Daisy is pretty depressed, until she receives a present from an unexpected friend. The good: This is a delightful story. Daisy is the quintessential dog who loves to play, play, play.Chris Raschka (author/illustrator of the 2006 Caldecott winner, â€Å"Hello, Goodbye Window†) tells a story of a dog who loves a ball, and does so entirely through pictures†¦aka: no words. Sometimes these types of books make me nervous because they can be di fficult to ‘read’ aloud to kids; however, Raschka’s watercolor illustrations are playful, fun, and make telling the story a piece of cake. In fact, this is a story that can be told collaboratively. Let the kids tell you what Daisy is doing in a picture and how Daisy feels in another. The flow of the story does get a little confusing when the format of the illustrations switch from page to page.For example, sometimes there is a picture for each page and sometimes the picture goes across both pages. I had to re-read a few pages the first time because I got a little confused on the order of the pictures, but this is a small issue, and you should not be deterred from checking this book out from your local library. This is a story worth reading and telling. The Lion and the Mouse By Jerry Pinkney In award-winning artist Jerry Pinkney's wordless adaptation of one of Aesop's most beloved fables, an unlikely pair learn that no act of kindness is ever wasted.After a feroc ious lion spares a cowering mouse that he'd planned to eat, the mouse later comes to his rescue, freeing him from a poacher's trap. With vivid depictions of the landscape of the African Serengeti and expressively-drawn characters, Pinkney makes this a truly special retelling, and his stunning pictures speak volumes. This is a visual retelling of the classic Aesop fable: A lion, awakened by a mouse climbing over him, catches the tiny animal in his mighty paw. The mouse appeals for mercy and the lion relents. Soon after, the lion is captured in a poachers’ net.The mouse hears his anguished roars and comes to his aid, gnawing the ropes until the great creature is freed. The Red Book By Barbara Lehman Kindergarten-Grade 6–This perfectly eloquent wordless book tells the complex story of a reader who gets lost, literally, in a little book that has the magic to move her to another place. On her winter-gray walk to school, a young girl spies a book's red cover sticking out of a snowdrift and picks it up. During class, she opens her treasure and finds a series of square illustrations showing a map, then an island, then a beach, and finally a boy.He finds a red book buried in the sand, picks it up, opens it, and sees a sequence of city scenes that eventually zoom in on the girl. As the youngsters view one another through the pages of their respective volumes, they are at first surprised and then break into smiles. After school, the girl buys bunches of helium balloons and floats off into the sky, accidentally dropping her book along the way. It lands on the street below and through its pages readers see the girl reach her destination and greet her new friend, and it isn't long before another child picks up that magical red book.Done in watercolor, gouache, and ink, the simple, streamlined pictures are rife with invitations to peek inside, to investigate further, and–like a hall of mirrors–reflect, refract, repeat, and reveal. Lehman's story c aptures the magical possibility that exists every time readers open a book–if they allow it: they can leave the â€Å"real world† behind and, like the heroine, be transported by the helium of their imaginations Pancakes for Breakfast By Tomie DePaola Set in the country, â€Å"Pancakes for Breakfast† is a story of a lady who wakes up one cold winter morning and decides to make warm pancakes.While originally published in l978, it remains a delightful, timeless lesson on how pancakes are really made. There's not a frozen package or mix box in sight. Even though there is no story text, DePaola's signature illustrations leave little doubt about how to whip up a batch of pancakes from scratch. This format provides lots of material for discussion and questions by formative young cooks about the origin of ingredients used to make food. It can also be used as an example of supporting local, sustainable food supplies, which was hip even in the seventies.A pancake recipe i s included, but feel free to encourage your young chef to add their own flair, just like the pros. Think outside the box, or book, and add complementary ingredients, such as bananas, berries, apples, or peaches that would add to the flavor, color and nutrition. Stir imaginations by substituting low fat buttermilk or tossing in a handful of cornmeal, flax meal, crunchy wheat germ, or whole grain flour. Try dipping each bite in low fat maple yogurt instead of syrup. You get the picture. Baby! Baby! by Vicky CeelenWith these striking and adorable photographs, Vicky Ceelen cleverly captures the similiarities between human and animal babies. From a sleeping baby alongside a snoozing kitten to a teetering toddler and a wobbly duckling, Ceelen’s comparisons are striking. Bright photos paired with simple text make this board book perfect for human babies everywhere. The photographs are well done and just a pleasure to look at. I'm not sure if the concept would be ever-obvious to babi es and toddlers. But even if they don't â€Å"get it† get it, they should enjoy looking at the pictures.

Relationship between russian and the european union

Russia stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia with an area of 17,075,200 square kilometres making it the largest country in the world in terms of land mass. This country   shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea.Since the termination of the USSR in December 1991, Russia has become an influential member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Russia's worldwide role decreased greatly compared to that of the former Soviet Union.Russia is an essential partner in terms of engaging and building a strategic partnership with.   The 2003 European Security Strategy has rightly placed this country as a key player on geo-political and security issues at global and regional levels.Russia plays an important role in the UN Security Council and has significant influence in the European neighbourhood and in Central Asia. It must likewise be noted that Russia is a major supplier of energy products to the EU.It may be considered to have a small market but Russia is a large market for EU goods and services, with considerable potential for growth. And if that's not good news yet, listen to this: Russia is a key ally in EU efforts in its fight against new threats to security, including terrorism, pollution, crime, illegal migration and trafficking.Russia and the European UnionThe European Union’s primary objective is to enlist Russia to build a genuine strategic partnership, founded on common interests and shared values to which both sides are committed in the relevant international organisations such as the UN, Council of Europe, and OSCE, as well as with each other in the bilateral Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA). As Ivanov mentioned these interests and values involved democracy, the rule of law, human rights and market economy principles (2000, pp. 33).Shishaev says that the EU and Russia are already cooperating on various i ssues which include modernisation of Russia’s economy and its consolidation into the world economy, security and international issues (1999, p. 42).Shishaev further explains that â€Å"EU relations with Russia is guided on a large spectrum of particular EU policies, including external policies like the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and trade policy; the external aspects of general EU policies such as on energy, transport, environment, etc.; the external dimension of freedom/security/justice activities; and the principles retained for development cooperation and assistance† (1999, p. 42).Likhachev reported that the common ground for EU relations with Russia is the PCA which came into force on December 1, 1997 for an initial duration of 10 years. This agreement shall extend beyond 2007 on a yearly basis.PCA sets the main objectives, establishes the institutional framework for bilateral contacts, and calls for activities and dialogue in a number of areas. The conditions of the PCA embrace a wide range of policy areas including political dialogue; trade in goods and services; business and investment; financial and legislative cooperation; science and technology; education and training; energy, nuclear and space cooperation; environment, transport; culture; and cooperation on the prevention of illegal activities. Rules of procedure for the dispute settlement provisions of the PCA were adopted in April 2004 (2000, pp. 20-24).The EU laid down its basic approach to relations with Russia in a â€Å"Common Strategy† in 1999 which was not extended beyond June 2004. An in February 2004, the Commission adopted a Communication which adopted measures to improve the effectiveness of EU-Russia relations, specifically in the wake of increased mutual dependence, the forthcoming enlargement, and the unresolved conflicts in some countries bordering Russia.The current institutional framework for relations with Russia as mentioned   above, is expec ted to change under the provisions of the new agreement with the view to creating a more concise and streamlined approach.During the Summit held in May 2003, the EU and Russia mutually decided to strengthen their cooperation by coming up with so-called four ‘common spaces’ in the framework of the PCA. It was agreed to make a common economic space; a common space of freedom, security and justice; a space of co-operation in the field of external security; as well as a space of research and education, including cultural aspects.Antonenko and Pinnick (2005, pp. 35-37) pointed out the ‘the purpose of the common economic space   is to create an open and integrated market between the EU and Russia which will bring down barriers to trade and investment and promote reforms and competitiveness, based on the principles of non-discrimination, transparency and good governance'.Among the wide range of actions that were perceived are a number of new dialogues. Cooperation is b eing stepped up on regulatory policy, investment issues, competition, financial services, telecommunications, transport, energy, space activities and space launching, etc. Environment, including nuclear safety and the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, also figures prominently.Meanwhile, Antonenko and Pinnick (2005, pp. 124 – 127) also reported that work on a common space for freedom, security and justice has made a big leap with the end of negotiations on the Visa Facilitation and the Readmission Agreements which were signed during the recent the EU-Russia Summit last May 25 in Sochi, Russia. Ratifications are being done by both the EU and Russia.Working together on fighting terrorism and other forms of transnational illegal activities such as money laundering, drugs and human trafficking will continue as well as on document security through the introduction of biometric features in a range of identification documents.Forsberg (1998, pp. 201-204) illustrated that the comm on space on external security, meanwhile, underlines the shared responsibility of the parties for an international order based on effective multilateralism, their support for the central role of the UN, and for the effectiveness of, in particular, the OSCE and the Council of Europe.Currently, there are ongoing activities to strengthen cooperation in the five priority areas identified in the Road Map which include strengthening dialogue and cooperation on the international scene; fight against terrorism; non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD); crisis management; and civil protection. Under the first priority, particular attention is given to securing stability in the regions adjacent to Russian and EU borders.Standing on the relations with Russia through its involvement in EU Research and Development activities and in particular the Framework Programme for Research and Development. The objective is to capitalise on the strength of the EU and Russian research communiti es and promote joint research activities in areas of common interest. Relationship between russian and the european union Russia stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia with an area of 17,075,200 square kilometres making it the largest country in the world in terms of land mass. This country   shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea.Since the termination of the USSR in December 1991, Russia has become an influential member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Russia's worldwide role decreased greatly compared to that of the former Soviet Union.Russia is an essential partner in terms of engaging and building a strategic partnership with.   The 2003 European Security Strategy has rightly placed this country as a key player on geo-political and security issues at global and regional levels. Russia plays an important role in the UN Security Council and has significant influence in the European neighbourhood and in Central Asia. It must likewise be noted that Russia is a major supplier of energy products to the EU.It may be considered to have a small market but Russia is a large market for EU goods and services, with considerable potential for growth. And if that's not good news yet, listen to this: Russia is a key ally in EU efforts in its fight against new threats to security, including terrorism, pollution, crime, illegal migration and trafficking.Russia and the European UnionThe European Union’s primary objective is to enlist Russia to build a genuine strategic partnership, founded on common interests and shared values to which both sides are committed in the relevant international organisations such as the UN, Council of Europe, and OSCE, as well as with each other in the bilateral Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA).As Ivanov mentioned these interests and values involved democracy, the rule of law, human rights and market economy principles (2000, pp. 33).Shishaev says that the EU and Russia are already cooperating on various i ssues which include modernisation of Russia’s economy and its consolidation into the world economy, security and international issues (1999, p. 42).Shishaev further explains that â€Å"EU relations with Russia is guided on a large spectrum of particular EU policies, including external policies like the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and trade policy; the external aspects of general EU policies such as on energy, transport, environment, etc.; the external dimension of freedom/security/justice activities; and the principles retained for development cooperation and assistance† (1999, p. 42).Likhachev reported that the common ground for EU relations with Russia is the PCA which came into force on December 1, 1997 for an initial duration of 10 years. This agreement shall extend beyond 2007 on a yearly basis. PCA sets the main objectives, establishes the institutional framework for bilateral contacts, and calls for activities and dialogue in a number of areas.The conditions of the PCA embrace a wide range of policy areas including political dialogue; trade in goods and services; business and investment; financial and legislative cooperation; science and technology; education and training; energy, nuclear and space cooperation; environment, transport; culture; and cooperation on the prevention of illegal activities. Rules of procedure for the dispute settlement provisions of the PCA were adopted in April 2004 (2000, pp. 20-24).The EU laid down its basic approach to relations with Russia in a â€Å"Common Strategy† in 1999 which was not extended beyond June 2004. An in February 2004, the Commission adopted a Communication which adopted measures to improve the effectiveness of EU-Russia relations, specifically in the wake of increased mutual dependence, the forthcoming enlargement, and the unresolved conflicts in some countries bordering Russia.The current institutional framework for relations with Russia as mentioned   above, is expec ted to change under the provisions of the new agreement with the view to creating a more concise and streamlined approach.During the Summit held in May 2003, the EU and Russia mutually decided to strengthen their cooperation by coming up with so-called four ‘common spaces’ in the framework of the PCA. It was agreed to make a common economic space; a common space of freedom, security and justice; a space of co-operation in the field of external security; as well as a space of research and education, including cultural aspects.Antonenko and Pinnick (2005, pp. 35-37) pointed out the ‘the purpose of the common economic space   is to create an open and integrated market between the EU and Russia which will bring down barriers to trade and investment and promote reforms and competitiveness, based on the principles of non-discrimination, transparency and good governance'.Among the wide range of actions that were perceived are a number of new dialogues. Cooperation is b eing stepped up on regulatory policy, investment issues, competition, financial services, telecommunications, transport, energy, space activities and space launching, etc. Environment, including nuclear safety and the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, also figures prominently.

How does films Crash, The Amistad and American History X describe and Essay

How does films Crash, The Amistad and American History X describe and debate integration in America today - Essay Example Naturally, racism itself is a complex term due to the fact that it is not one-sided or attributable to a singular group. The fact remains, as will be mentioned within this analysis, that racism easily crosses lines of color and can exhibit itself in a number of situations. As a means of analyzing such question, the author of this brief essay will analyze the way that three films represent the issues associated with racism: â€Å"Crash†, â€Å"Amistad†, and â€Å"American History X†. The first of the films which will be analyzed, entitled â€Å"Crash†, is perhaps the most complex analysis of racial issues within society. This is affected by the fact that rather than merely introducing the issue of race and expounding upon it within the story line, the filmmaker uses race and its interpretation between the various groups represented as vehicle of plot development and exploration. Moreover, by seeking to defined race and racism within the context of each of the different groups represented, white, black, and Latino, the viewer is made distinctly aware of the fact that a simple and convenient understanding of racism as being one-dimensional is not sufficient to comprehend the realities that are represented. This multidimensional representation of racism is useful due to the fact that society and filmmakers have traditionally only represented the issue from a given perspective (Sharma 2010). However, by representing the issue in a way that shows the give and take nature of race and racism within the society, the viewer is able to notice how traditional understandings of racism are ultimately encouraged and propagated by the views that â€Å"others† hold with relation to the topic. Accordingly, the second film that will be discussed, â€Å"Amistad†, relates the story of a slave uprising aboard a slave ship bound for the United States. This particular film represents well represents the moral bankruptcy of the practice of slavery as well as

Leadership Portfolio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Portfolio - Assignment Example Thank God my prayers were heard and you gave me strength not to give up throughout my journey of having a full-time job and pursuing both my Undergraduate and Master’s degree. The purpose of this portfolio is to provide a comprehensive view of my leadership qualities which I have developed through my academic qualification. I believe that I am a good leader because not only am I a knowledgeable person but also I feel that I have the capability to reflect my knowledge by application of effective management skills. I have strong qualities of delegation, communication, confidence, and commitment. I have a creativity and ability to inspire my colleagues and subordinates whom I believe will make me a good leader in the future. I am a budding professional who has undergone multiple learning experiences over the past few years in my career. My expertise is in the field of HR recruitment and I have acquired a plethora of knowledge through recruitment, training, coordination, and evaluation of employees. My personal goal is to become extremely efficient and reliable in any job that I do. I want to become the most dependable person in any organization I work with in the future. Throughout my entire career, I have been fortunate enough to work with key personnel in this profession that has enhanced my skill set. My future goal is to create the high level of professionalism among employees that can solve organizational challenges in the future. The importance of human assets in improving organizational efficiency and productivity is well documented. My role is to select the best candidates for jobs that can create high levels of efficiency in the organization. Studying at Concordia College, Masters Business Leadership Program has been one of the most enriching experiences of my life. It has not only helped me to learn a variety of new courses that I was not aware of before joining this institution but also helped me to improve my existing skills and knowledge.  

Adopting a mac system Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Adopting a mac system - Assignment Example de a mock website enabling the management to visualise how a website may benefit their business and also for the report to elaborate on any technical issue that may become apparent during or after the transition. The aim of this project is to integrate the knowledge and skills learned through out the HNC/HND Computing course and to deliver a practical and realistic solution to the business related problem that I have chosen. The objectives for the project are to demonstrate my ability in producing a technically sound document that highlights the required details mentioned in my project proposal and to provide an effective and economical solution to the proposed scenario. During the process of compiling the required information it will be necessary to provide a very brief systems analysis of the old system, it is not my intention to do a complete analysis of the system but I shall provide enough information and data on this topic to allow the project to be completed. LM photography is a company which deals with photography who currently specialize in Weddings and special occasions, they also have two in-house studios where they take family and portrait photographs. The company was started in the year 2005 by Lisa Mary Moggach to turn a life long passion into a sustainable, financially viable business. The business took of well in 2006 when two large wedding planning companies approached LM photography and asked them to supply photographers and equipment for 196 weddings over two years. LM photography took the opportunity and drafted in ten freelance photographers and ten assistant to cope with the additional workload. In 2009 the fledgling company are still flourishing but the management have realized that there current IT system does not have the foundations to be continually built on, as the system can be unstable and unreliable when in constant use. The decision was made to employ an IT company who were to propose a new Macintosh based operating system

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 64

Leadership - Essay Example In the class, we have looked at different approaches to leadership. For instance, Peter Drucker wrote that leadership is inborn, it cannot be taught or learned. However, according to Zenger and Folkman (2009), the theories that are proposed in relation to leadership fail to explain why some people succeed (p. 242). By looking at this article, we may view the issue from a different point on how to succeed in the workplace. To become a ‘deep smart’, Dorothy, Gavin, and Michelle, propose the following methods. First identify the elements of their behavior that make them so successful in their work. This will avoid you becoming a copy of another person. As the authors put it, mentors and companies cannot succeed to equip you with such skills, so identify them and go for them. The other important thing is to internalize the insights of the successful person and mimic their critical behaviors. In this, you should also keep your own as you can’t be a true copy of the other person. The person cannot give you all he knows. He is not even aware he knows some things, or they are valuable. Therefore, in summary this article talks about guided experience. Getting experience to gain what you want and setting the limits to your own

Identifying Rhetorical Devices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Identifying Rhetorical Devices - Essay Example In another instance, cities are described as being ‘welcoming and humane’. Personification enables readers to understand the significance of introducing these identity cards, which is to make all city residents feel they belong. The article also uses allusion when it refers to immigrants who use their cards as ‘Scarlet letter’. This is in reference to the 1850 work of fiction where a woman was made to wear a scarlet with the letter ‘A’ to mean adultery. Allusion here elaborates the lack of status that immigrants suffer in foreign cities. Poetry Magazine Issue 14 has an article titled ‘Is that you, Walt Whitman?’ This article, written by Therese Stanton uses numerous rhetoric devices. It talks about a devastated Whitman who has tried every career but has not found a suitable one. It also describes a detailed series of events that lead Whitman to the identification of poetry as his passion (Stanton, 2011). Amplification is the repetitive use words or phrases to emphasize. This article applies amplification in the words ‘Tuesday’ and ‘mad’ to emphasize Walt’s frustrated state of mind. Stanton also uses alliteration in this article when she writes ‘fiddle footed, flighty, fluttery†¦hyperactive, hyperkinetic†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This device provides a rhythm in the article making it interesting to the readers. The Editorial Board (February 12, 2014) Mr. de Blasio’s Welcoming Gesture. The New York Times Retrieved February 15, 2014 from

Crisis Intervention Following A Natural Disaster Essay

Crisis Intervention Following A Natural Disaster - Essay Example This observance became the basis of the existence of crisis intervention. Viewing the positive outcomes of the different support that were given to people in the Cocoanut Grove fire in Boston in 1942, Eric Lindemann coined and highlighted the importance of the phrase â€Å"crisis intervention† (as cited in Heath & Sheen, 2005, p. 1) as substantial evidences of the importance of its applicability that were starting to arise. Problems are a natural part of life. They are issues that give people emotional, physical or psychological stresses that range from financial difficulties and emotional strains to tragic situations. A case in point, is the problem caused by natural disasters that result to loss of almost every important thing. As a normal reaction, people go through shock, denial, anger and grief for the loss that they had experienced; because of this, they tend to head into the direction where they turn out unable to continue to function well and do their activities to recover from such events. Each person is different from another. They have different tolerance levels to terrible events in life. Severed by the lack of support from other people, it can result to crisis. To become the foundation of this paper’s topic, the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary’s definition of â€Å"crisis† will be used: â€Å"an emotionally significant event or radical change of status in a person’s life† (â€Å"Crisis,† 2010). Resulting from crisis are two consequences: it either makes the life of a person better or worsen it. If crisis is not efficiently dealt with, a person is thought to be doomed. Thinking of such idea will awaken people’s understanding why there is a need of crisis intervention. People will have to undergo several crises as they travel through life. While some are able to bear every problem that the world necessitates them to handle, others are not. People, especially immediately after natural disasters, would feel helpless as if they have lost the

Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Tourism - Essay Example Therefore, while evaluating tourism as a whole it is imperative to consider its dark and the bright side. Tourism just for the sake of leisure or fun may leave detrimental effects, thus educating tourists about their limits and rights is very important, to provide tourism a healthy form. In the following text some of the pros and cons are discussed with respect to their socio-economic implications. Tourism is involved directly as well as indirectly in economic activity of a place or a country, this is due to demands for services and goods that are needed to be produced and provided (Tribe, 2011). The direct effect of tourism on economics of a place is termed as tourism’s ‘economic contribution’ and it is determined by tourism satellite account or TSA. Meanwhile, the indirect economic impacts of tourism are determined through various models, and this type of modelling helps in determining the overall direct and indirect effects of tourism on the economy of a place. While considering the economic contribution of tourism it is imperative to understand the concept of tourism industries. Tourism industries are activities that typically produce tourism characteristic products. The criteria to characterize tourism product is that the production or availability of a product or service is sufficiently proportional to the extent of tourism, consequently the demand of these services or products develop a direct link with the presence of tourists. Some of the key characteristic tourism products include accommodation services, transport services, recreational services and area specific tourist services. Accommodation services refer to availability and management of hotel, motels and rest houses (Goeldner & Ritchie, 2009). Transport services include air, rail and road transport. Recreational services are usually specific from place to place, but some

Recommendations For Diagnosis, Treatment, And Management Of Asthma Essay

Recommendations For Diagnosis, Treatment, And Management Of Asthma - Essay Example Shortness of breath, as well as an individual’s experiencing either wheezing and coughing, are the major symptoms of asthma that are known. An asthmatic attack may get dangerous if it lasts for more than 12 hours without any intervention and if the airway is obstructed (Kaufman, 2012). Symptoms like the bluish coloration of the lips and rapid pulse are dangerous signs of severe attack. In diagnosis, spirometry measures the total volume of oxygen that is inspired against that which is expired by the lungs. In the assessment of the status of the airwave, children with asthma who are of seven years or more should have spirometry performed on them in order to measure how severe the airway is obstructed (NHS, 2012). Triggers of Asthma and the Risk Factors Among the triggers of asthma are food preservatives that are found in foods that are either processed or prepared by various food manufacturing companies. An example of such a food preservative is sodium metabisulfite which is in the group of sulfite additives; it triggers asthma in those who are sensitive (Toole, 2013). There are certain risk factors that have been identified to trigger or contribute to the occurrence of asthma and are important in the easy identification of those individuals who are most at risk to develop asthma and those prevention strategies that are effective in managing the condition. These include smoking by the parent, especially when the child is still an infant, or the smoking by the mother when the child has not been born yet. The family history of asthma and exposure early in life makes a child more predisposed to suffer from asthma (Zahran, Person, Bailey & Moorman, 2012). Management of Asthma Arterial blood gas and lung function test will help in the diagnosis of this condition.

Macbook Air About Essay Example for Free

Macbook Air About Essay MacBook Air is unbelievably thin and light. But it’s designed to be powerful, capable, durable, and enjoyable to use, with enough battery life to get you through the day. That’s the difference between a notebook that’s simply thin and light and one that’s so much more. Even at less than an inch thin, MacBook Air sets a pretty high standard — by making flash storage standard. Flash chips are very compact, allowing MacBook Air to be incredibly thin and light. Flash is also solid state, meaning there are no moving parts. Which makes it reliable, durable, and quiet. And it takes up much less space — about 90 percent less, in fact. That creates room for other important things, like a bigger battery. So you have a notebook that weighs almost nothing and runs for hours on a single charge. That’s mobility mastered. Multi-Touch technology is part of practically every Apple product. It’s the best and most personal way to interact with your devices. And the optimal way to experience Multi-Touch on a notebook is through a trackpad. That’s precisely the case with MacBook Air. The trackpad’s spacious, all-glass surface doesn’t have a button because the whole thing is the button. And with Multi-Touch gestures in OS X Mountain Lion, you can interact with MacBook Air in ways that feel more intuitive and responsive than ever before. Anyone can try to make a notebook that’s thin and light. Success comes in doing it without cutting corners. That’s why MacBook Air features a full-size keyboard, not a condensed version of what you’re used to. When you type on the MacBook Air, it’s just as comfortable as typing on a desktop keyboard. And the keyboard is backlit, so you can type comfortably even in low-light conditions. A built-in sensor detects changes in the ambient lighting and adjusts the keyboard and display brightness automatically, giving you the perfect illumination in any environment. If you looked inside MacBook Air, you’d see something remarkable: how much space we devoted to the battery. That’s thanks to smaller components such as flash storage. And when the goal is to design the perfect notebook for everyday use, giving priority to the battery just makes sense. With MacBook Air, you can get up to 5 hours of battery life on the 11-inch model and up to 7 hours on the 13-inch model. Put MacBook Air to sleep for more than an hour, and it enters what’s called standby mode. That means you can come back to MacBook Air a day, a week — even up to an entire month — later, and it wakes in an instant. Time is on your side, courtesy of MacBook Air. MacBook Air features a unibody design for both the main enclosure and the display. Unibody construction means a higher-precision, less complex design with fewer parts. And that translates to a notebook that’s exceptionally thin and light, yet durable enough to handle the rigors of everyday use.

Projector Functions And Uses Computer Science Essay

Projector Functions And Uses Computer Science Essay A projector is to display images from computer or laptop. The term wireless is used to describe how the projector receives the signal. Presentation projector always having wire mess up here and there, this is where wireless projector comes in. It solves the problem of wiring by transmitting without wire using wireless technology such as Bluetooth, radio frequency and Wi-Fi. By eliminating wiring problem, it will speed up the time of setting up through wire. This will also allow multiple users to be connected to projector at a time to present their content from their laptop. Installation of projector using wire is very costly because VGA cable is quite expensive when it comes to using long length of wire. Currently there are many types of projectors such as image projector, movie projector and etc. This project is about sending data wirelessly using radio frequency from a transmitter to receiver. This project will be using microcontroller that is connected to a PC. There will have 2 c ircuit boards that have a microcontroller each. The transmitting board will be the place where process the data that come from a PC that is an analog signal and it will be kept first in the memory that is a static ram. Then the data will pass through an encoder that will convert data information into a standard format or code and transmit by using radio frequency. For receiver board, data that is receive from radio frequency receiver will be decoded using decoder to reverse the format to the original form of data information. Like at the transmitting board, data will be stored in memory first then only it will send to digital to analog conversion to convert it into analog form. Lastly the data will be send to a projector. As for this project, projector will be replaced to CRT monitor. This is because projector and monitor are having the same VGA pin out connector. The VGA pin out connector is a DE15. Aim The aim for this project is to design a device that will transmit signal from a laptop/desktop to a presentation projector through wirelessly. Objectives To design a device that will interface to PC and a projector wirelessly. To research of RGB signaling and protocol. To research of various types of wireless of technology. To understand the functioning of the presentation projector. Product specification Specification Project Microcontroller PIC 18F4550 Power Supply 9V Type of Wireless Radio Frequency Module Wire Single Core Weight 300 Gram Type of Memory Static Ram Table 1: Product Specification CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Marketing survey Lindy Projector Server[1] C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopprojector server.jpg Figure 1.0: VGA Extender Projector Server[1] The wireless VGA extender projector server allow connection to a projector either by using wire or wireless LAN. This is best application for PowerPoint and other presentation. Its wireless connection support up to 100m. Do not need to swap VGA cable between laptops. Presenter just have to connect their computers to server access point through wireless. It is very convenient. [1] Panasonic[2] Panasonic PT-LB10NTU Projector Figure 1.1: Panasonic PT-LB10NTU[2] It support for most wireless cards and it has a great quality image when is in presentation mode. It is very easy to setup and friendly user. The disadvantage of this projector is that it comes with only 1 type of connection cable that is VGA. The projector can be connected up to 4 users at a time with broad support, fast and easy. [2] Dell[3] C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopdell.jpg Figure 1.2: Dell S300wi[3] It is very rare to find a projector that has a multimedia audio. It is a short-throw projector type that can be projected in a short distance. This product does not need to be calibrated before using. It is best to use in a small to medium size room. It has one wireless connector that is an embedded WiFi. [3] Canon[4] Canon LV-8215 Projector Figure 1.3: Canon LV-8215[4] This product has a few of advantages; one of them is audio quality. It is a multimedia projector that is why audio quality, image quality and resolution are its advantages. When it comes to such good features, there will always have a bad side that is its fan is noisy and also need maintenance once in a while. [4] Casio[5] Casio XJ-S46 Projector Figure 1.4: Casio XJ-S46[5] A DLP projector that uses a wireless adapter to connector between laptop and projector. It has a wireless adapter so that allow wireless connection. It is easy to carry to anywhere due to its light weight. The projector has digital zoom feature. [5] Overall Product Cost and Specification Product name Lindy Panasonic Dell Canon Casio Type Projector server LCD projector DLP projector LCD projector DLP projector Specification -Compatible with all Windows but not Mac -Up to 4 laptops can be connected -Quick and easy setup -Wireless connection -Up to 4 laptops can be connected -Quick and easy to shut down and start up -For small to medium room -Wireless connection -Short-throw -Has an interactive pen -Short-throw projector -HDMI input -Up to 4-1 split-screen -3D projection -High contrast -Has DVI input -Blackboard mode -Soft carrying case -Very light weight -USB port -Soft carrying case Weakness -Only VGA connection -Projection mode does not support wireless audio -Presenting speed and image quality -Overloaded and distorted at maximum volume -Very heavy -No digital zoom -Very heavy -No digital zoom -Low contrast -Uses high power consumption Cost RM1600.00 RM602.00 RM3000.00 RM1673.90 RM3526.60 Comments -Not a projector but a server -Fast setup -Quite expensive -Fast setup -Quite cheap -Simultaneously project up to 4 different user screens -Very expensive -not good image quality -Very expensive Table 2: Overall product cost and specification [1][2][3][4][5] Component D-Subminiature[6] D-Subminiature or can be called D-Sub is universal type of electrical connector used in computer. D-Sub has a lot of series that every series has different number of pins. There are DA-15, DB-25, DC-37, DD-50 and DE-9.[6] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/DSubminiatures.svg/250px-DSubminiatures.svg.png Figure 2.0: Different Pins Connector[6] Type DA-15 DB-25 DC-37 DD-50 DE-9 Pins 15 25 37 50 9 Table 2.1: Different type of D-sub From the table above, DB-25, DC-37 and DD-50 are not in consideration because laptop does not have this type of pin out. DE-9 has 9 pins and laptops do have the pin out but for monitor/projector, it only supports DA-15. Thats why for this project DA-15 will be used. DA-15 can be called DE-15 or also VGA connector is used because monitor and laptop both have pin in and pin out that support each other. [6] Microcontroller[7] Microcontroller is a device with hidden powerful ability to do a lot of thing. Nowadays most of electronic device has microcontroller inside them because it is use to process task. Due to its low voltage consumption and for its ability to run one specific program, it is usually chosen to use in project. The program generally is program by using a programmer and store in ROM (read-only memory). [7] Microcontroller PIC 16F877a PIC 18F4550 Basic Stamp I/O ports 33 35 16 RAM 368Bytes 2048 Bytes 32Bytes Flash Program Memory 8K 16K 2K Cost RM21 RM35 RM70 Table 2.2: Different type of microcontroller[7] From the table above, out of 3 comparisons basic stamp is the most not suitable for this project. This is because there are only a few I/O ports. It runs at a very slow speed and has small memory size. PIC 16F877a and PIC18F4550 is the 2 microcontroller can take into consideration. Memory[8] There are 2 types of memory which are volatile and non-volatile memory. Volatile memory is storage where when power is off contents are erased. This is because of RAMs volatile nature that is why user must use hard drive to keep their work as a permanent medium in order to avoid losing data. DRAM and SRAM are both volatile memory that currently have in market. Device like computer ram is a volatile. Non-volatile memory is storage where when power is off the contents that is stored previously will still be there. Devices like hard drive and CMOS chip are example of non-volatile memory. Currently in market, ROM, Flash memory, FeRAM, MRAM and PRAM that are non-volatile memory. Memory Volatile Memory Non-Volatile Memory Type DRAM, SRAM ROM, Flash memory, FeRAM, MRAM, PRAM Advantages -Mostly comes with a lifetime guarantee -Automatically store data -Data can be stored up to 10 years -Less costly -Data wont lost when power off Disadvantages -Data will lost when power off -Quite costly -User need to manually store data Table 2.3: Comparison of memory type[8] As for this project after analysis, it is best to go for volatile memory because this project does not need to store memory and retrieve after power off. After analyze and decided to go for volatile memory, there are DRAM and SRAM to choose from. DRAM stands for dynamic random access memory and SRAM is static random access memory. In this project, SRAM is chosen because it does not need to keep refreshed over time which DRAM needs a constant refreshing. This I s because DRAM store its memory as charge leaks which information needs to be read and written every few milliseconds. Memory X28HC256PZ-15 CY62256LL-70PXC AT29LV256-20JC Type EEPROM SRAM FLASH Mounting Through hole Through hole Surface mount Density 256k 256k 256k Operating Voltage 5V 5V 3.3V Pin Count 28 28 32 Number of Bits per Word 8bit 8bit 8bit Interface Type Parallel Parallel Parallel Manufacturer Intersil Cypress Atmel Table 2.4: Comparison of memory available[8] From the table above, most of the specification above is nearly the same. Memory that is produce by Atmel is out of consideration because the operating voltage is 3.3V that is not suitable for this project. The mounting way is surface mount making this project not that suitable because there is no equipment to solder it onto PCB. This memory has too many pin count too which cannot be supported by PIC18F4550. Cypress and Intersil memory are the exact same specification but the memory that is used in this project is Cypress memory. This is because Intersil memory is EEPROM type. In this project, it does not need to store any data after power down so making SRAM is the best choice due to its nature. Wireless Wireless is a transferring data method without using any wire over certain distance. Some distance is just a short distance and some can goes up to very far away. Nowadays wireless is the most communication way for telecommunication method. There are a few ways of transmitting wirelessly such as: Infrared(IR) Radio Frequency(RF) Bluetooth Wi-Fi Wireless Technology Infrared Radio Frequency Bluetooth Distance Short Vary Medium Line of sight Yes No No Table 2.5: Comparison of Different Technology There are modules available for this technology. From table above, this project best technology fit to use is radio frequency. Modules that available in market are: Modules Type Security Distance Speed Communication way Price IR module Infrared Medium Short Slow 1 Way Cheap RF module Radio frequency Medium Medium Medium 1Way Medium Zigbee Radio frequency Medium Medium Fast 2Ways Expensive Table 2.6: Comparing wireless modules From the table above, this project will be using RF module. Zigbee has a faster speed than RF module but from price and communication aspect, it is quite expensive and this project does not need 2 ways communication. This project just needs to send data signal to the receiver only. CHAPTER 3: Methodology General Block Diagram Microcontroller PIC 18F4550 RF module Memory Laptop VGA cable Monitor Figure 3.0: General Block Diagram Figure above showing the overall diagram of what this project has. Monitor will be device where it display whatever shown at the laptop. Before the display can be shown at monitor, the data signal need to pass through the output video graphic array (VGA) connector that has 15 pins which can also be called DB15. Memory is to store the data signal so that the data can be kept and synchronize before going to transmitting device. This is to make sure the data is send correctly. There will be also radio frequency module which will help transmitting data signal through wirelessly. General Flow Chart Start Radio frequency module Digital to Analog Conversion PIC Analog to Digital Conversion Display at monitor Get Laptop signal Figure 3.1: General Flow Chart The flow chart above is showing the way a laptop send its on screen image wirelessly to the receiver side which is a monitor. Laptop will constantly send image to microcontroller which will be kept in memory of its data to enable of synchronize when transmitting wirelessly. When it captures 7500 bits then it will send to encoder to convert into a standard format or code and transmit by using radio frequency. At the receiver side, it will constantly receive the data signal then keep in the memory. When it store up till 7500 bits, microcontroller will automatically synchronize into a code and send to monitor to display. Project Signal Overview Digital Digital Digital Digital Digital Digital R, G, B, HSync, VSync Analog/ Digital Laptop Microcontroller Memory Microcontroller Encoder Transmitter Microcontroller Decoder Memory Microcontroller Monitor Receiver Digital Digital Digital Analog/ Digital Figure 3.2: Signal Overview Basically this figure above showing an overview of what type of signal when it reaches at certain hardware. There are 2 places where analog signal can only be detected which are from laptop to microcontroller and before it show the screen of laptop user. This is because signal that comes out from VGA port has red, green, blue, Hsync, and Vsync. Hsync and Vsync are the only signal that runs at 5voltage which are transistor-transistor logic (TTL) signal. The color signals are analog. This signal will pass through analog to digital converter which microcontroller itself has the function. From microcontroller to RF module, all the signals are in digital. Before display the laptop on screen display at receiver side, it will pass through digital to analog converter because monitor is uses VGA port which are analog. Microcontroller Figure 3.3: PIC 18F4550 PIC 18F4550 is a low voltage and 40 pins microcontroller from Microchip. It is a flash high performance PIC which has two-speed oscillator start-up. It has 35 input and output ports and up to 13 ADC module. It has also 32kbytes flash program memory, SRAM of 2048bytes and EEPROM of 256bytes. Early few months ago, this project started out with PIC 16F877a. After some intensive of testing out to get output of image from PIC 16F877a, there is no image shown. Hence PIC 18F4550 become the next PIC to act as a microcontroller. This is because 16F877a with oscillator of 20 MHz, the speed of microcontroller couldnt match up with the speed of VGA cable signal. Now with this PIC 18F4550, oscillator of 40 MHz is used. In this project the port are use as follow: Port A (1-5) and Port B (0-7): This port A (1-5) and port B (0-7) connected to memorys address lines which are A0-A12. Port D (0-7): This Port D (0-7) is connected to memory data lines which are the I/O port. Port E (0-2): This Port E (0-2) is connected to memory control lines which are chip enable, write enable and output enable. All of this control lines are active low. Port C (4-5): This Port C (4-5) are vertical sync and horizontal sync. Port A (0): This Port A is the input of either red, green or blue pin from laptop. The color pin out from laptop is connected to A0 of this PIC is because pin A0 and pin A1 are the only pin available for analog to digital converter (ADC). VDD: This pin is connected to a voltage regulator which is LM 7805. This has to be connected to LM7805 to make sure the voltage does not go over 5V. Vss: This pin surely has to be connected to ground if not the microcontroller will not work. OSC1 and OSC2: It is connected to a 40MHz crystal. Without this crystal, this project will not work. Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) Analog to digital conversion is a way to convert a signal from analog to digital so that the microcontroller can read the signal. After converting to digital, the signal will become either logic 1 or logic 0. Example on how to convert an analog signal input of 8 bit: x 255 = Voltage value per step Example RGB voltage x 255 = 35.7 Then convert into binary 35 = 00100011 (binary) Digital to Analog Conversion (DAC) C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorMy DocumentsMy PicturesIMG_0405.jpg Figure 3.4: Resistor Ladder Resistor ladder can be constructed by using a set of resistors of 2 values while another resistor double. For this project, resistor ladder is used as digital to analog conversion. Figure above is the fully constructed resistor ladder. It is a R/2R resistor network. This resistor ladder can increase its number of bits by adding more resistor network. To prove the ADC and DAC formula match, here is the example of formula. Example on how to convert digital to analog of 8bit: = Voltage value per step Step x Voltage value per step = Analog output voltage So from the formula above, now to prove the formula is correct by using previous analog result: = 0.0196V 36 x 0.0196 = 0.686V (approximate 0.7V) From the calculation, it is proven that the formula for ADC and DAC is correct. RGB Theory Video RGB and YCbCr are the typical digital signals. The typical order of decreasing video quality is: HDMI (Digital YCbCr) HDMI (Digital RGB) Analog YPbPr Analog RGB Analog S-Video Analog composite Video is always considered as continuous picture motion but actually it is a sequence of still images due to rapid changing that it looks like nonstop picture motion. The typical video refresh rate is 50 or 60 times per second for consumer video and 70 to 90 times per second for computer. The vertical and horizontal sync information is usually transferred in one of three ways: Separate horizontal and vertical sync signals. Separate composite sync signal. Composite sync signal embedded within the video signal. Most CRT based displays are still interlaced while LCD, plasma and computer displays are progressive. Enhanced-definition video is usually defined as having 480 or 576 progressive active scan lines and is commonly called 480p and 576 respectively. Interlaced and enhanced-definition is progressive is standard-definition. Figure 3.5: Progressive displays Figure 3.6: Interlaced displays Color spaces A three dimensional, Cartesian coordinate system is use to represent Red, Green, Blue that are the three primary additive colors. Figure 3.7: The RGB color cube The figure above showing RGB values for 100% amplitude, 100% saturated color bars. It is use for common video test signal. Table 3.0: RGB color bars Video Timing Background Every VGA connector consist of 5 main data signals which is needed to display an image. The following are the 5 data signals: Red Green Blue Horizontal sync Vertical sync Red, green and blue signals is an analog type of signal. This signals carry pixel data in it. Horizontal and vertical sync is to provide information of timing for the monitor so those monitors display the pixel data correctly. Figure 3.8: Horizontal Timing The figure above shows that the timing of the video data and horizontal data signal. The blanking interval means that there is no video data signal is been send. Every monitor will use horizontal blanking interval to check on horizontal sync pulse. There are 3 characteristics of horizontal pulse: Front porch Back porch Pulse width Front porch is to check on the delay of initial edge and the end of video signal of sync pulse. Delay of the first piece of data and the final edge of signal of sync pulse for the next scanline is back porch. Pulse width is the period of time that sync signal is asserted. Figure 3.9: Vertical Timing The figure above is video frame which also video data with vertical sync. Its basically the same thing with horizontal except for vertical then is video frame. VGA connector Pin Name Signal Direction Description 1 Red à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Red data 2 Green à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Green data 3 Blue à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Blue data 4 ID2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Monitor ID bit 2 5 GND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Ground 6 RGND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Red ground 7 GGND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Green ground 8 BGND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Blue ground 9 Key . No pin 10 SGND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Sync ground 11 ID0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Monitor ID bit 0 12 ID1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Monitor ID bit 1 13 HSync à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Horizontal sync 14 Vsync à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Vertical sync 15 ID3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Monitor ID bit 3 Table 3.1: Pin Description Output signal from laptop Input signal to laptop Figure above is showing the pin description and the direction of the signal is going. Encoder Decoder Figure 3.10: Encoder 2262 Figure 3.11: Decoder 2272-L6 Encoder Below is a table for encoder PTC 2262: Pin Name I/O Description A0~A5 I Pin 0 to pin 5 is address. These pin is to encode and bit 0 to bit 5. Logic 0, logic 1 or floating is set by the pin A6/D5~A11/D0 I Address pin or data pin is 7,8,12,13. Bit 6 to bit 11 is to determine the encoded waveform. It can be set as logic 0, logic 1, or floating. When data pins is used then only logic 1 or log 0 TE I Transmission Enable. Active low trigger. Encode when ground or plug out OSC1 O Oscillator Pin no.1( A resistor have to connected between OSC1 and OSC2 to determine the frequency) OSC2 I Oscillator Pin no.2 Dout O Data output pin. The encoded data is sent by serial transmitting through this pin. Vcc Voltage supply Vss Ground Table 3.2: Encoder description Decoder Below is a table for decoder PTC 2272-L6 Pin Name I/O Description A0~A5 I Pin 0 to pin 5 is address. These pin is to decode and bit 0 to bit 5. Logic 0, logic 1 or floating is set by the pin A6/D5~A11/D0 I Address pin or data pin is 7,8,12,13. Bit 6 to bit 11 is to determine the decoded waveform. It can be set as logic 0, logic 1, or floating. When data pins is used then only logic 1 or log 0 VT O Transmission receive. Active high trigger. When logic 1 means receive OSC1 O Oscillator Pin no.1( A resistor have to connected between OSC1 and OSC2 to determine the frequency) OSC2 I Oscillator Pin no.2 Dout O Data output pin. The encoded data will be serially transmitted through this pin. Vcc Voltage supply Vss Ground Table 3.3: Decoder Description Encoder is use to convert the data information into a standard format or code so that it is easier to send. This can allow the data information to be compress into a code word. Signal Resistor Oscillator Resistors have to be connected to osc1 and osc2 pin at both encoder and decoder so that the resistor will set the oscillation. Below is the recommended resistor value for both encoder and decoder: Encoder 2262 Decoder 2272-L6 4.7Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 820kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 3.3Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 680kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 1.2Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 200kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Table 3.4: Oscillator for encoder and decoder F = From this formula, the best suitable resistor value for fastest speed when transmit is 1.2Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ and 200kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. Code word A code word is consisting of 8 address, 4 data and 1 sync. This adds up into 13 bits. Figure 3.12: Code Word Figure 3.13: Address/data bit waveform The figure above is showing address bit waveform that has been encoded. Radio Frequency Module http://www.ananiahelectronics.com/pcr1a.gif http://www.ananiahelectronics.com/fs100a.gif Figure 3.14: Receiver Figure 3.15: Transmitter The radio frequency transmitter has 3 pins. From the figure above, the transmitter has 1 ground, 1 power supply pin and 1 data pin. Receiver has 1 ground, 1 power supply and 2 data pins. Both transmitting and receiving device have to be the same frequency so that the signals data can be send n receive. Every wireless transmission, there will be encoding and decoding technique that is vary from every device. Encoding is to ensure that the information that will be send wirelessly is secure as in security and not disturb by other same device that has same frequency. Memory (RAM) Memory which can be separated into 2 types which are volatile and non-volatile memory. In chapter 2 already explain what is volatile and non-volatile. This project uses 2 memory which are 1 at transmitting and 1 at receiving. The following are the pin definitions for this memory: Pin Number Type Description 1-10, 21, 23-26 Input A0-A14 are address inputs. 11-13, 15-19 Input/Output I/O0-I/O7 are data lines. It is used as inputs and output lines depending on the operation. 27 Input/Control When WE is selected to be low, a write is conducted. When high is selected, a read is conducted. 20 Input/Control When CE is low, chip is selected. When high, chip is selected. 22 Input/Control Output enable. Controls the direction of the I/O pins. When low, the I/O pins behave as outputs. When deasserted high, I/O pins are three-stated and act as input data pins 14 Ground Ground for device 28 Power Supply Power supply for device Table 3.5: Memory Description Software Flow Chart Transmitter Start Capture frame 8 times Write into memory Capture 7500 bits? Transmit wirelessly Yes No Figure 3.16: Transmitter First the laptop will send out bit of red, green and blue with the sync bit. This bit that is in analog will convert into digital once it reach inside microcontroller. Then the microcontroller will write the frames that is capture 8 times into memory. It will check has it capture 7500 bits or not if not then the microcontroller will keep on capturing. After that once 7500 bits obtain then microcontroller will read from memory and send through wirelessly at transmitting side. Receiver Checking for wireless signal Write into memory Receive 7500 bits? Display at monitor End Yes No Figure 3.17: Receiver The receiver will keep on checking for wirelessly signal. Once it obtains the signal then will write into the memory. The microcontroller will constantly check whether it has receive 7500 bits. Once it reach 7500 bits then the monitor will display image. CHAPTER 4: Analysis and Testing RGB Timing

Reflective Essay On Breaking Bad News To Patients Nursing Essay

Reflective Essay On Breaking Bad News To Patients Nursing Essay Im writing a reflective essay based on Gibbs model of refection, this is a six stage evaluation process and promotes good practice through evaluation of experiences, aids learning and better understanding on how to deal with similar situations in future practice, the six stages comprise of description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and finally an action plan (Gibbs, 1998). The department of health (DoH) advises primary care, to use reflective practice and encourages integrated working with all professional within the community and hospitals of the local trust (DoH, 2000), which is incorporate in my reflection. All names and identities have been changed to maintain confidentially in accordance with the code of conduct (NMC, 2009). I will explore an experience I had whilst based in a local trust hospital, discussing a situation that I felt uncomfortable with and unsure how to manage emotionally, psychologically and professionally. This situation evolved after a patient had been giving bad news by a doctor and talks about the events after this occurred. I feel it is important to discuss breaking bad news as this area of communication is often an area that even the professional person finds difficult (Brewin, 1998). The inter-professional teams all have different education and preparation leading to different views as to how the subject should be managed and the best way to break bad news. Schildman et al. (2005) stated there is a need for specific education on breaking bad news, ensuring all professionals where proficient in this area with an aim to improve skills and continuity. By bad news Buckman (1984) described as any information given that is likely to dramatically alter a patients view of their future. The bad news that is delivered may not be about terminal illness or death but could be a lifestyle altering condition like diabetes, heart disease or HIV (Peate, 2006). Arber Gallagher (2004) defined bad news as any information given that is not welcome. Traditionally delivering bad news has been considered the doctors role, despite having little education or preparation in this area (Vandekieft, 2001). Although a nurse may not be delivering bad news directly, it is an inescapable part of healthcare (Price, 2006) and an integral part of their role (Tobin Begley, 2008). It is however, important to remember that the role of breaking bad news is not the responsibility of just one profession but should be a shared responsibility with all the inter-professionals within the multi disciplinary team (Jevon, 2010). Mr M, 72 year old male, admitted to the ward and initially presented with intense intermittent pain in pelvic area and legs. After several investigations with other hospital inter-professional teams Mr M underwent tests such as x-rays, cat scans and MRI scans. This led to a diagnosis that Mr M had bone and lung metastases, this is also known as secondary cancer. Metastatic cancer occurs when the cancer cells breaks from the primary site, relocate to another area of the body and then forms secondary tumours (American Cancer Society, 2010). Cancer is deemed as the most feared diagnosis in todays society (Kalber, 2009). The junior doctor had discussed these results with Mr M, whilst he remained on the ward and without another member of staff with him during the conversation. It is suggested that bad news should be delivered to the patient by someone they know (Lomas et al, 2004). This leads to a much debated subject as to who should break bad news (Brewin, 1998), due to the belief that some doctors are not well prepared and have lack of training and preparation for this task (Vandekeift, 2001). Whereas, the nurses have more communication with the patient and can build a better rapport (Jevon, 2010). The doctor with Mr M should have made him aware, that he had terminal cancer but we were unable to verify this. The written information in Mr Ms notes where thought by the nurses to be to brief and therefore not well recorded due to a lack of in-depth detail but the doctor could argue the notes were ok, they had acknowledge he had spoken to Mr M about his results. After the doctors consultation Mr M was positive and upbeat and still trying to do as much as he could for himself. Later that day he had spoken to me stating that the doctor wanted to run more test, informing me that they were going to look for the primary cancer site as this may be treatable. My intrinsic feeling was that Mr M thought he could be cured. This made me feel awkward and uncomfortable being around him and I found it difficult to know what to say to him, as I was aware of his terminal diagnosis. I was unsure as to what information the doctor had told Mr M or if the doctor had checked he had understood. As doctors have different education and views than the nursing staff it leads to professional indifferences. Mr Ms behaviour may have been his way of coping and could have indicated that he was in denial. Denial is a way for the individual to cope and regain some control, when bad news is delivered leading to an uncontrollable situation like a diagnosis of terminal illness (Burgess, 1994). I felt as if I was withholding information from him that he should be aware of. This made me feel as if I was lying to Mr M, something I was uncomfortable with and I felt compromised ethically, as I was more that aware of his rights to be informed and my code of conduct that states I should be open and honest (NMC, 2008). This made me want to avoid conversation with Mr M as I was unsure how to manage the situation and was worried in case he asked me any questions, as this could have led to further distress to myself or Mr M. However, it is normal when giving or receiving bad news to feel psychological distress but if supported and managed well you can avoid damaging long terms effects (Fukui et al, 2009). I had discuss with nurse in charge that I had concerns about Mr M and queried if he had definitely been told of his terminal diagnosis. Mr Ms mood and behaviour was monitored by the nursing staff over the next two weeks, with occasional subtle prompts for him to a sk any questions or to comment on how he felt. After this time the palliative care team were informed of Mr Ms situation and invited to the ward by the nursing team, to talk to Mr M and explain his illness was terminal, help him acknowledge this and start to come to terms with his situation and prepare himself and his family with what was to come. The palliative care team have more experience and practice in communication with those diagnosed with terminal cancer. The terminal patient can experience many different emotions (Peate, 2006), these have been studied by Kulber-Ross in the 1960s and Murry-Parkes in the 1980s. They both suggest that there are five stages of grief and structured these into models of bereavement (sometime known as the grief cycle). Kulber-Ross (1969) stated that not every person will react in the same way or go through all the stages in order. The five stages are Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression or grief and then Acceptance. A dying patient will often go through these stages whilst coming to terms with their own death (Kulber-Ross, 1969). I felt it was good that Mr M had taken onboard some of the information the doctor had told him and he was in good spirits and trying to do as much as possible. That Mr M was able to communicate well with the nursing team and had benefited from the expertise, kindness and knowledge from all the inter-professional teams from the porters who regularly moved Mr M and showed patience and understanding regarding his pain, to the reassurance given him by the radiographers and their expertise to minimise his discomfort, pain and the palliative care team who showed patience and understanding and with their unique knowledge were able to help Mr M come to terms with his terminal cancer, understand it better and help him cope with his situation. All these people are specialist in their own fields and were involved with Mr Ms care amongst several others. It was good that personally I had built a good rapport with Mr M, which helped me to be aware of his behaviour and highlight my concerns with th e nurses. Enabling me to raise awareness and question the nurses as to if Mr M had been informed of his diagnosis or question was he in denial? I thought it was bad that no-one who had worked regularly with Mr M i.e. a nurse was with the doctor when he was told his diagnosis and that it was a junior doctor that Mr M did not know very well. The information about the discussion hadnt been recorded in detail, as to what was said and if Mr M had understood this information. So we had to make assumptions due to the lack of detail, we could only ascertain if Mr M was in denial through time. Also that I felt I had to avoid communication with Mr M as I found it difficult due to his terminal illness and was unsure what to say to him. I realised talking about dying directly with the dying patient an area I was uncomfortable with and felt unprepared for and therefore avoided the situation. This is echoed by Trovo de Arujo and de Silva (2004) where he suggested that many people will approach communication differently with a dying patient; this includes avoidance patterns, which may be due to difficulties in coping with human suffering a nd death. I have to assume the doctor had given Mr M the correct information about his diagnosis, which left the conclusion that Mr M had not fully understood this information or was in denial about his terminal cancer. I should have contacted the doctor who consulted with Mr M to ascertain as to how the information was given and how he felt Mr M had responded to this. Explaining Mr Ms current behaviour and his understanding that they were still looking for the cause of the cancer and this when located could be treated. This may have improved the situation, by leading to the doctor returning to re-explain to Mr M with another member of the ward. It is now thought that the doctor may not be the most appropriate person to give bad news and in some situations it may be better for a nurse to do this role (Resuscitation Council UK, 2006). If I was presented with a similar situation, I now feel I would manage the situation better, as I have learnt through reflection of these events. Sometimes caring for a dying patient can be daunting as in our nursing role we believe we are there to improve a patients health so they will get better (Peate, 2006) but the reality is we have a unique role to assist the patient to health or to a peaceful death (Henderson, 19996). Common sense and forward planning, the use of a structured model can help prevent any distress or communication disasters (Walker et al, 2001). I feel that the communication of bad news should be delivered to a patient avoiding medical terminology (Back et al, 2005), as this reduces misinterpretation (Innes, 2009). The inter-professional teams will benefit the individual by supporting each other and drawing on each others knowledge, helping to reduce long term distress (Fukui et al, 2009) or further avoidance of distressing situations. It is also important to be aware that every patient will react differently to bad news (Kulber-Ross, 1969) and to remember their family will also require lots of information and support at this time (Dougherty Lister, 2008).

Aristotle Essay -- essays research papers

Aristotle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the possible exception of Plato, Aristotle is the most influential philosopher in the history of logical thought. Logic into this century was basically Aristotelian logic. Aristotle dominated the study of the natural sciences until modern times. Aristotle, in some aspect, was the founder of biology; Charles Darwin considered him as the most important contributor to the subject. Aristotle’s Poetic, the first work of literary notice, had a string influence on the theory and practice of modern drama. Aristotle’s great influence is due to the fact that he seemed to offer a system, which although lacked in certain respects, was as a whole matchless in its extent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira in northern Greece. His father, Nicomachus, was a physician with close connections to the Macedonian court. In 367, Aristotle went to Athens to join Plato’s Academy, first as a student then, a teacher. Plato had gathered around him a group of outstanding men who shared no common belief but who were united by the exact effort to organize human knowledge on a firm theoretical basis and expand it in all directions. This effort identified Aristotle’s own work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was also part of the Academy’s program to train young men for a political career and to provide advice to rulers. After Plato’s death, Aristotle joined the court of Hermias of Atarneus in 347, and later went to the c...

Provisional Voting :: essays research papers

Part I: Current Social Issues One social issue in my community that concerns me is that of provisional voting, which is proving to be an issue in many communities. The requirement that all states make provisional voting available was passed down by congress. Unfortunately, no guidelines were included with this requirement, and therefore the decisions on which provisional votes are counted and which ones are not differ not only from state to state but from county to county. As a result, provisional voting is beneficial to some and not to others. The main agencies involved with this issue would be the local election offices as well as the secretaries of state. Part II: Relevant Agencies Quite obviously, the main agency that would be involved with the issue of provisional voting is the local elections office. This agency devotes great energies to make sure that every member of the public is given the opportunity to cast their votes. Because this is the agency that determines whether or not each provisional vote will count, these are the individuals that play the most major roll. The Secretary of State’s office is also like to be involved in provisional voting. Each state is expected to be responsible for drawing up guidelines for the procedures to be followed for provisional voting. At present time, the guidelines are unclear, if existent at all, but at some point must be addressed by the Secretary of State. The local elections office and the Secretary of State represent the government sector. The final organization that I expect to see involved with provisional voting are the pollworkers. These are the individuals that volunteer their time on election day to officiate the polls where votes are cast. Since provisional voting is still quite new, the procedures can be somewhat confusing, and it is these people that must make sense of it. I would classify them as being part of the philanthropic sector. Part III: Final Paper Topic The issue I have chosen to further develop for my final paper is that of provisional voting and the guidelines by which the decisions are made as to which provisional votes will be counted and which will not. I have chosen to pursue this particular issue due to the fact that I work as an Elections Coordinator and I have recently experienced my first election from behind the scenes, so to speak. Provisional voting is a serious issue, required by Congress, but handed down with little or no guidelines. Provisional Voting :: essays research papers Part I: Current Social Issues One social issue in my community that concerns me is that of provisional voting, which is proving to be an issue in many communities. The requirement that all states make provisional voting available was passed down by congress. Unfortunately, no guidelines were included with this requirement, and therefore the decisions on which provisional votes are counted and which ones are not differ not only from state to state but from county to county. As a result, provisional voting is beneficial to some and not to others. The main agencies involved with this issue would be the local election offices as well as the secretaries of state. Part II: Relevant Agencies Quite obviously, the main agency that would be involved with the issue of provisional voting is the local elections office. This agency devotes great energies to make sure that every member of the public is given the opportunity to cast their votes. Because this is the agency that determines whether or not each provisional vote will count, these are the individuals that play the most major roll. The Secretary of State’s office is also like to be involved in provisional voting. Each state is expected to be responsible for drawing up guidelines for the procedures to be followed for provisional voting. At present time, the guidelines are unclear, if existent at all, but at some point must be addressed by the Secretary of State. The local elections office and the Secretary of State represent the government sector. The final organization that I expect to see involved with provisional voting are the pollworkers. These are the individuals that volunteer their time on election day to officiate the polls where votes are cast. Since provisional voting is still quite new, the procedures can be somewhat confusing, and it is these people that must make sense of it. I would classify them as being part of the philanthropic sector. Part III: Final Paper Topic The issue I have chosen to further develop for my final paper is that of provisional voting and the guidelines by which the decisions are made as to which provisional votes will be counted and which will not. I have chosen to pursue this particular issue due to the fact that I work as an Elections Coordinator and I have recently experienced my first election from behind the scenes, so to speak. Provisional voting is a serious issue, required by Congress, but handed down with little or no guidelines.

Case Study Classic Watch Essay

1-2) After analyzing the structure of the Classic Watch Co, we have come to a conclusion, that the company is product oriented. The founder of the company Harry Brainch used to develop his product and then to find consumers. According to the case, he is quite a conservative person, who prefers old-fashioned business techniques. Twenty years ago, customers were less choosy and they were happy to have a product that is good value for money. In that case, Harry Brainch’s strategy fitted really well. However, times are changing and new market is much more complicated and severe. The competition is tough and product with simple design and good durability is not as attractive as it used to be in the past. According to this, product-oriented approach is not likely to succeed. A famous example of product-oriented company is the original Ford Motor Company. Henry Ford made one model in one color (black), no matter what the consumer might want. Although he followed this strategy for quite a long time, finally, Ford Motor Company had realized the need of customization and now we have Ford cars in various colors. The situation is the same with Classic Watch Co, the faster Mr. Brainch realizes that his old techniques are no longer useful – the better sales will improve. Probably, he should try to change his methods to become more market oriented. For instance, Apple has always been a great example of market-oriented company. Apple has achieved world fame by constantly monitoring market and then adjusting its marketing mix to response to the market needs. The Classic Watch Co should follow example of Apple and start developing new marketing strategy. To sum up, the old strategy is no longer successful because of following reasons: 1) same old-fashioned design 2) new needs and desires of consumers 3) change in consumer’s income (it became higher) 4) the old strategy did not take into account wants of modern consumers 5) reasons for buying watches have changed 3) In our opinion, Harry need to divide market into 3 segments. The first one – â€Å"Economical†, which include people, who are ready to pay the lowest price for any good-working watches. Even if they will be broken in the first year, person from this segment just substitute them by new one. They are mainly price-concerned. Brand and design of the watches is not the main point. The second segment – â€Å"Longevity and quality†. This group in search for watches with a good durability, quality and design. They ready to overpay for this features. This group is the biggest one. The third segment – â€Å"Symbolic† one. Watches should be prestigious, elegant, mainly maid from precious metals and gems. People from this segment buying not just watches, but unique qualities and emotional value. To be successful, The Classic Watch Company need to create watches suitable at least â€Å"Economic† and â€Å"Longevity and quality† segments. 4) Nowadays The Classic Watch Company is no longer succeeding company, but a policy of market segmentation could turnover situation. Segmenting market can help them increase sales and market share, protect brand and provide a variety of other benefits. By positioning themself with a specific benefit, they could create a unique selling proposition that sends a message to a target audience looking for that benefit. If The Classic Watch Company cater to a specific audience, they could lose sales among potential customers outside their target audience but increase overall sales by attracting more customers in your target audience. With specific market segments to reach, they can decrease distribution channels, targeting those outlets that have the highest amount of traffic from their desired customers. By limiting your audience, they can choose magazines, websites, radio and TV stations and events that their customers are more likely to hear, see, visit or attend. As we see, there are pl enty of benefits, which are necessary for modern company to survive.

Design of Drilling Fluid

number of Drilling Fluid1. Introduction drilling gas is the tranquil utilize piece of music irksome oil and natural gas. wearisome impermanent purpose is a rattling of entailment assign of slow procedure. slow suave is the media between drill stain and the organisation. The design of bore swimming is base on the chief maps of tedious precarious and the demand of each particular good. Generally, sluggish swimming has three study maps. They beCools and lubricates the drill spot.Circulates the tire film editings binding to the come on.Balances or overcomes formation force per whole atomic number 18as in the well bore to derogate the hazard of well-control issues. 1 2. thudding unstable environmental considerationsThe design of muffled legato should do boring eloquent meets the circumstantial demand of each well and overly should be the most court-effective manner. The universal presentation of boring wandering privy impact the efficiency of bor ing. There atomic number 18 a few cardinal concerns of planing a boring changeful.Health and environmental concerns are one of the issues the inside decorator of boring changeful should see. The type of boring runny whitethorn pollute the groundwater and the chemical composition feces impact the wellness of the operators. galosh is ever the first consideration and if the movement affects the eco musical arrangement, it volition go harder to obtain government permission. So it is of import to do plastered the changeful is safe and lasting volume during the boring operation.As one of the major map of boring tranquil, it is of import to picture out the proper weight of the fluid. A proper weight of fluid has to be sufficient to forestall runaway and go forth non fracture the well. If the fluid is excessively heavy, it pull up stakes fracture the well because the force per building block area of the fluid is relative to the closeness of fluid. On the other manus, li ght fluid can non equilibrate the force per unit area of formation.In the instance of high-temperature well, the boring fluid should be able to acquit 275-300 Fahrenheit of high temperature. When the formation cosmos drilled is charter regulate, the boring fluid should non impact the permeableness of the formation. It should be a non-damaging fluid.Cost is ever a spectacular concern for an applied scientist. Mud may represents 5 % to 15 % of boring cost solely may do one C % of boring jobs. 2 So a proper design of boring fluid is like a via media. It provides the maps every identification number little as it can and the interior decorator should detect the come-at-able hazard.3. Boring fluids typesThe basic types of boring fluid will process us under support the design of boring fluid better.Water-based fluid.Drill-in fluid.Oil-based fluid.Synthetic-based boring fluid.Water-based fluid is less expensive than oil-based fluid and synthetic-based boring fluid. It is widely used to bore 80 % of all Wellss. 3 Basically, most portion of a well is suited for water-based fluid. This system dissolve natural clays. The base fluid can be fresh H2O, saltwater, saltwater and saturated seawater which do less injury to the environment. Some habit-forming can be added into the base fluid in order to assist fluid-loss control or complete veritable undertakings. After the surface shell is cemented, the operator can lock in utilize water-based fluid unless another certain demand is needed. For all of these advantages, water-based fluid is a dominant system used in on-shore rigs. The two wide classs of water-based fluid are non-dispersed systems and spread systems. Non-dispersed systems can be burden to 17.0 to 18.0 ppg and run at 350 Fahrenheit and higher. sprinkle systems are treated with chemical dispersants that are designed to deflocculate clay atoms to let meliorate rheology control in higher-density clay. 4 Drill-in fluid is the boring fluid after bor ing into a wage zona. The design of a drill-in fluid requires adequate cognition approximately the reservoir. It should make less or no harm to the reservoir stone and unaffixed to clean up. Drill-in fluids are used widely in horizontal Wellss, where the wage zone is exposed to the boring fluid a long distance. Drill-in fluids can be water-based, brine-based, oil-based or synthetic-based. The pick of drill-in fluid is of import to the take of a well because one clip the harm has been made to the formation, it is rarely possible to retrieve the status of wage zone to the initial status.Oil-based fluids were designed and developed to assist turn to several boring jobs formation clays that react, swell, or slough after icon to WBFs increasing downhole temperatures contaminations and lodge pipe and tortuousness and retarding force. 5 Oil-based fluid can stand higher temperature without interrupting down. Oil-based fluids besides has greater make clean abilities with less vis cousness. It is used to bar the jobs which water-based fluid could has. The disadvantages of oil-based fluid are1. It is more expensive and more toxic than water-based boring fluids.2. pick out editings can non be separated from the fluid while boring.3. Sing the environmental facet, oil-based fluid incorporating Diesel fuel may control aromatic hydrocarbons which can do taint.Synthetic-based fluid is a fluid which the base fluid is man-made oil. It is designed to avoid environmental impacts. It is frequently used on asea rigs or environmentally sensitive countries, because it has the belongingss of an oil-based clay, but the toxicity of the fluid exhausts are oftentimes less than an oil-based fluid. This is of import when bet forces work with the fluid in an enclosed multitudinous such as an offshore boring rig. 6 Major types of synthetic-based boring fluids areEstersPoly-alpha alkenesLinear ciao alkenesInternal alkenesLAO/PAO ( additive alpha alkene/poly-alpha alkenes ) 7 4. AdditivesBarite is a parking area used addictive to all systems. It is used to increase denseness of the system.Keeping a high pH by adding NaOH helps moderate H2S and CO2.Bacterias can be controlled by utilizing a microbiocide additive.5. DecisionMud control is an of import portion of boring. A good boring fluid design can avoid a batch of work and append a good status of the wage zone which can better the world presentation of the well. With the development of the engineering for horizontal Wellss, the design of boring fluid sincerely became a more of import procedure.Mentions 1 Lake, Larry W.Petroleum Engineering Handbook. Richardson, TX caller of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. Print. 2 Bloys, Ben, Neal Davis, Brad Smolen, Louise Bailey, Otto Houwen, Paul Reid, John Sherwood, Lindsay Fraser, and mike Hodder. Designing and Managing Drilling Fluid. ( Oilfield Review ) , Schlumberger. 1 Mar. 1994. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.slb.com/resour ces/publications/industry_articles/oilfield_review/1994/or19940403_drilling_fluid.aspx & gt . 3 Oilfield Market Report 2004. Spears & A Assoc. Inc. , Tulsa, Oklahoma, www.spearsresearch.com. 4 Drilling Fluid Types. . Web. 8 Mar. 2015. & lt hypertext transfer protocol //petrowiki.org/Drilling_fluid_types & gt . 5 Lake, Larry W.Petroleum Engineering Handbook. Richardson, TX Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. Print. 6 Drilling Fluids. AES boring FLUIDS, LLC. Web. 8 Mar. 2015. & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.aesfluids.com/drilling_fluids.html & gt . 7 Meinhold, Anne.Model for a Comparative Environmental judgement of Drilling Fluids. Washington, DC United States. smirch of the Assistant Secretary for Fossil life force , 1998. Print.